Notably, multiple upstream regulators of mTOR (IGF-1R, RAF, PI3K, PDK1, p-Akt), its binding partners (Rictor, Raptor) and immediate downstream effectors (4EBP1, S6K1, S6) have been reported to be dysregulated in HCC [(70); Figure 3C]. This evidence concerns the gene RPTOR and hepatocellular carcinoma.