TLR signaling pathways activate NF-κB (via IKKα/IKKβ), AP-1 (via MAPKs), and IRF 3 (via TBK1, IKKε, and IKKα).235,236 Genetic polymorphisms and mutations in genes related to TLR signaling pathways such as NOD1, NOD2, IL1RL1, MAP3K7IP1, and BPI have been related to the development of asthma.237,238. This evidence concerns the gene JUN and asthma.