TNF and allergic asthma: The elevated expression levels of p-IκB and p-P38 in eosinophils shift the polarization of macrophages from M1 to M2 and decrease inflammation via reducing TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 levels, as well as the number of CD68-positive macrophages.226 On the other hand, eosinophils can also trigger type 2 inflammation, which is the main pathological process in allergic asthma.