IL4 and asthma: The NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways regulate inflammation and immune responses in asthma by controlling the gene expression of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and IL-6.155–157 Fengjuan et al. in 2019 showed that the nuclear translocation of phosphorylated P65, the inhibition of IκB kinase (IKK) within the NF-κB signaling pathway, and phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and P38 MAPK (i.e., activation of the MAPK signaling pathway) can control the production of IgE and IL-4 and inhibit inflammatory mediators in asthma.158