SUCNR1 and parasitic infectious disease: Elevated IL-25 is responsible for eliciting ILC2 cells to generate IL-13 and IL-5, which in turn facilitate the proliferation of tuft cells and goblet cells as well as the prevention of anti-parasitic infection.196–200 Notably, the perception of tuft cells to protist-derived succinate is dependent on GPR91, but helminths potentially activate tuft cells in an GPR91-independent manner.200 In addition, both FFAR3 (a receptor of SCFAs) and GPR91 are expressed on tuft cells, and only succinate can directly modulate the tuft cell-ILC2 circuit.77