IDO1 expression is regulated by the NF-κB pathway, which can be activated by the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.41,45 In addition, inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway can downregulate the expression of NF-κB to ameliorate the progression of atherosclerosis.42,46–48 However, in atherosclerosis, whether the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway modulates IDO1 is unclear. This evidence concerns the gene IDO1 and atherosclerosis.