CXCR4 and acute myeloid leukemia: For example, in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) the encouraging data on the phase 2 clinical trial of the AS1411 [13,14], a specific aptamer against nucleolin, or in CLL (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia) the NOX-A12 [15,16], an aptamer competing to CXCL12 binding to CXCR4, strongly suggest that aptamers can be really translated to the clinic in combination with chemotherapy.