As shown in Table 5, N-HCC patients had significantly higher serum glypican 3 (GPC3) and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1, or osteopontin (OPN)) levels than healthy subjects (mean GPC3, 5.1 vs. <0.01; mean SPP1, 52.2 vs. 13.0). Here, GPC3 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.