In addition, treatment with vitamins D and E reduced the production of ROS, where the expression of GSK3β was reduced to normal levels, leading to the normal expression of TAU. Collectively, vitamin E alone reduces oxidative stress that occurs during insulin resistance, as well as AD markers of GSK3β and TAU. These findings suggest a therapeutic role of vitamins D and E in managing the neurological disorders associated with diabetes since vitamin D increased the activity of IR, improving the insulin signalling cascade. Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.