In addition, the mitochondrial biogenesis-related proteins, such as mtDNA-encoded ND1 peptide (ND1), ND6, nuclear respiratory factor 1(NRF-1), and pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component alpha subunit (PDHA1), and glycolytic enzymes, including hexokinase II (HK-II), glucose 6-phosphatate isomerase (GPI), phosphofructokinase (PFK), and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), are also reduced in SLE immune cells. Here, GPI is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.