Y-box binding protein-1 was found to be involved in mitigating cigarette smoke-induced guanine oxidization in lung fibroblasts and mice chronically exposed to cigarette smoke, and that lung samples of late-stage COPD patients exhibited significantly lower YB-1 levels compared to early mid stage patients or patients without COPD (Deslee et al., 2010). The gene discussed is YBX1; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.