However there is compelling evidence that deregulated NOD1/2 signaling is associated with inflammation-associated diseases such as early-onset sarcoidosis, uveitis, neuropathic pain, rheumatoid arthritis or solid cancers (Caruso et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2016) and more recently with allergic asthma (Miller et al., 2018) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (Amar et al., 2011; Schertzer et al., 2011; Denou et al., 2015; Cavallari et al., 2017). The gene discussed is NOD1; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.