TNF and diabetes mellitus: We have previously measured the circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IFNγ, and TNFα) in these individuals and shown that IL-1β, IFNγ, and TNFα were significantly increased in TB patients with DM compared to TB individuals (Kumar et al., 2013; Prada-Medina et al., 2017).