Furthermore, we found that three of the top-five upregulated genes, GIMAP8, TNFAIP8L2, and RNASEL, were involved in inflammatory response, which was in accordance with the conclusion that the infiltration of immune cells and proteins that mediate inflammatory response in cardiac tissue and circulatory processes is associated with AF by previous studies (Yamashita et al., 2010; Harada et al., 2015). This evidence concerns the gene RNASEL and atrial fibrillation.