KEAP1 and lung carcinoma: Loss-of-function mutations in Keap1 were found in human lung carcinoma, NSCLC, gallbladder, ovarian, and liver cancers (Singh et al., 2006; Ohta et al., 2008; Shibata et al., 2008a; Konstantinopoulos et al., 2011; Yoo et al., 2012), whereas gain-of-function mutations in Nrf2 were found in lung, head and neck, and esophageal carcinoma (Shibata et al., 2008a, 2011).