Table 1 lists the patients’ characteristics. TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 were strongly upregulated in radioresistant GC patients compared with those in radiosensitive patients (Figure 1C). The downstream molecule, SMAD4, was downregulated, and EMT makers were dysregulated in radioresistant GC patients (E-cadherin was downregulated, and N-cadherin was upregulated). The staining indices differed statistically (Supplementary Figure 1B). Here, SMAD4 is linked to gastric cancer.