Theophylline is a nonselective AR antagonist, which was tested for anticancer efficacy in two previous clinical trials (incidentally, as an inhibitor of intracellular cAMP in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Phase 2, 00003808; a withdrawn trial in combination with an allogeneic tumor cell-vaccine (gp96-Ig vaccine) and oxygen therapy, which lowers adenosine levels [119], in non-small cell lung cancer, Phase 1, 01799161). The gene discussed is AR; the disease is neoplasm.