TNF and diabetes mellitus: We have previously shown this in murine models of diabetes; notably, bone marrow (BM)-derived macrophages from Leprdb/db mice hyperpolarise in response to LPS and INF-ɣ when cultured in vitro as evidenced by their increased expression of Tnf, Il6, Nos2 and CD86 as well as production of IL-12 and INF-ɣ compared to macrophages derived from non-diabetic littermates [12].