To determine whether the relationship between reduced glomerular filtration and autoantibodies was related to systemic changes in IgG metabolism, we compared levels of antibodies (IgG) to malaria-specific antigens representing the blood stage of infection: (i) apical-membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1); (ii) merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1), and (iii) glutamate-rich protein (GLURP); and for the liver stage: (iv) circumsporozoite protein (CSP) (Table 4). Here, ATAD1 is linked to infection.