Furthermore, the cytotoxic efficacy of APE1 inhibitor III was substantially increased (p = 0.059) in 1 MDS (MDS#2) and 5 AML cell samples (AML#1, AML#2, AML#3, AML#6, AML#12) (603 nM ± 71) as compared to the cytotoxic efficacy in 8 healthy donor cell samples (1041 nM ± 149) (Figure 1B). The gene discussed is APEX1; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.