GAST and chronic atrophic gastritis: These results are in marked contrast to the results with patients with chronic atrophic gastritis where the average gastrin levels are usually less than seen in many ZES patients [163], however 0.4–7% of all chronic atrophic gastritis patients have gastric carcinoids on routine endoscopy, with rates varying from 5–35% in some series with long-term follow-up [60,75,181].