IL34 and hepatocellular carcinoma: In addition, although our results indicate that HBV could induce IL‐34 expression to promote the growth and migration HCC cells directly, current studies show that IL‐34 are also involved in the differentiation and activation of multiple immune cells, including macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells,16, 39, 56 and these immune cells maybe also participate in the progression of HCC mediated by IL‐34 in vivo.