SDHC and hepatocellular carcinoma: To elucidate the mechanisms related to HBX‐mediated expression of IL‐34, six IL‐34 promoters fragments, including −2000/+155 (PGL3‐P[−2000/+155]), −924/+155 (PGL3‐P[−924/+155]), −839/+155 (PGL3‐P[−839/+155]), −745/+155 (PGL3‐P[−745/+155]), −491/+155 (PGL3‐P[−491/+155]) and −134/+155 (PGL3‐P[−134/+155]) were cloned into PGL3 plasmids, and these plasmids were cotransfected with HBX or control plasmids into HCC cells to examine the role of HBX on different fragments of the IL‐34 promoter.