While some studies showed that the roles of APN in suppressing glucose-induced ROS in endothelial cells [53] and activating of ceramidase activity [54] were performed independently of AMPK, many others reported that APN functions in an AMPK-dependent manner, such as attenuating cardiac hypertrophy [25] and ischemia/reperfusion injury [55]. This evidence concerns the gene ANPEP and cardiac hypertrophy.