Medians and ranges of serum levels were overall comparable to published data regarding serum NGAL levels in dogs (36, 58–60) but our results raise the suspicion, as postulated before (58, 61), that higher levels of NGAL in serum alone might not be specific for renal disease due to its complex role in a variety of other peripheral inflammatory and neoplastic pathologies. The gene discussed is LCN2; the disease is kidney disorder.