TLR4 and lung cancer: Additionally, activation of TLR4 and TLR3 stimulated autophagy induction in lung cancer cells and induced enhancements of cytokine productions, such as IL-6, CCL2/MCP-1, CCL20/MIP-3α, VEGFA, and MMP2, by encouraging TRAF6 ubiquitination, thereby led to increases of cell migration and invasion (22).