CASP9 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: In addition, NAT-F can induce NSCLC cell apoptosis through the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway, where mitochondrial dysfunction (loss of MMP, the releasing of cytochrome c, and regulation of pro-apoptotic protein and anti-apoptotic protein expression), increased PARP cleavage, and activation of caspase-9 and -3 are critical events for apoptosis.