Underscoring the translational potential of VIPR2 agonism is suggested by the demonstration that those downstream signaling outcomes via GM-CSF have successfully been tested in clinical trials of PD wherein sargramostim-treated patients showed increased Treg numbers and function, augmented motor neuronal activity, and improved UPDRS III scores (Gendelman et al., 2017). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and Parkinson disease.