TLR4 and epilepsy: The acetylated, disulfide form of HMGB1, which triggers pro-inflammatory cytokine release via toll-like receptor 4, has shown pathological effects in pre-clinical models of seizures.18 In a parallel running study, we are currently studying people with longstanding epilepsy using MRI and blood serum markers of HMGB1 (short title: ‘MRI of inflammation in epilepsy’; IRAS project ID 220138; REC reference 17/NW/0342, Northwest-Liverpool).