MAPK1 and Hepatic fibrosis: Another study also showed that estradiol suppressed the activation of MAPK pathways, such as ERK, p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), and their transcription factors activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and induced the apoptosis of activated HSCs, eventually attenuating liver fibrosis [168].