A study investigating the combined treatment of curcumin and β-interferon (IFN-β)/retinoic acid (RA) showed that curcumin synergistically increases the efficacy of β-interferon (IFN-β)/retinoic acid (RA) in breast cancer cells by upregulating GRIM-19 via Stat3-independent and –dependent pathways [146]. This evidence concerns the gene IFNB1 and breast cancer.