In the initial phase (between 0 and 24 h post infection), ~25 ISGs are transiently induced by extracellular HIV vesicles in a cell-type specific manner, with the most up-regulated ISGs in MDMs being Viperin (also known as RSAD2), IFIT1, IFIT2, and IFIT3 (124, 171), and ISG15, IFIT1, and IFIT2 in MDDCs (160). This evidence concerns the gene RSAD2 and infection.