In the first of these, encompassing patients (n = 249) with advanced NSCLC (n = 42), renal cell carcinoma (RCC, n = 67) or urothelial carcinoma (n = 42), administration of antibiotics (n = 67 patients), either 2 months prior to, or 1 month after, initiation of PD-1/PD-L1-targeted ICI MAbs to the combined group of patients resulted in significant attenuation of immunotherapy-associated prolongation of PFS (antibiotic treated vs. untreated, 3.5 vs. 4.1 months, P = 0.017) and OS (11.5 vs. 20.6 months) (84). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.