The authors observed that anti-tumor efficacy was associated with increased numbers of interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting CD8+ TILs and “was markedly more efficacious” in this respect (increased numbers of TILs) in mice treated with the combination of therapies, relative to the responses of those animals that received either the bacterial preparation or PD-1 MAbs individually (85). Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.