The expression profile of genes monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (TNFR1), transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGFβ1), collagen type I alpha 1 chain (Colα1,) actin alpha 2 smooth muscle (αSMA), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (Timp1), and haptoglobin (Hp) associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) were elevated in the livers of mice fed an HFD for 16 weeks compared with those from mice fed the control diet (Fig. 1e). Here, TGFB1 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.