In a murine model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), exosomes that were derived from α-fetoprotein (AFP)-expressing DCs (DEXAFP) decreased the levels of CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β, while increasing CD8+ CTLs and proinflamatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-2 in the tumor microenvironment, resulting in prolonged survival of tumor-bearing mice [96]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.