APOE and endothelial dysfunction: Treatment with AST-120 has been shown to ameliorate the following: endothelial dysfunction in CKD rats [78]; the extent and instability of atherosclerosis induced by kidney disease in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice [79]; flow-mediated vasodilation in pre-dialysis CKD patients [80]; and microvascular endothelial dysfunction and carotid arterial intima-media thickness in patients receiving hemodialysis [81].