APC and carcinoma: For instance, KRAS, a protooncogene, is a downstream effector from the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, which plays a role in mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway activation [4]; moreover, APC inactivation is observed in 70%–80% of sporadic colorectal adenomas and carcinoma cases, and gain-of-function β-catenin mutations have been identified in nearly 50% of the colon tumors with intact APC [5].