TNF and Sepsis: Other inflammatory diseases that underwent clinical trials with TZDs include sepsis where pioglitazone showed a significant reduction in inflammatory markers: IL-6, IL-8, resistin, and TNF-α in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock [278], lung inflammation where Chen et al. (2018) concluded that pioglitazone had no anti-inflammatory effect in healthy volunteers based on 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging [279], and chronic granulomatous disease where pioglitazone reduced CRP from 24.4 to 13.1 mg/L in a five-month old patient [280].