INS and diabetes mellitus: The criteria for diagnosis of diabetes has been defined by the American Diabetes Association as the following [20]: (1) fasting plasma glucose level >126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L), (2) 2 h plasma glucose level following insulin challenge with 75 g of glucose >200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L), (3) HbA1C > 6.5% (48 mmol/L), or (4) random plasma glucose level >200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L).