It is worth noting that TGF-β-induced activation of non-Smad pathways such as those mediated by PI3K/Akt, ERK/JNK MAPKs, β-catenin and NFκB, are closely involved in channeling, skewing and even switching the functions of TGF-β during liver cancer progression [10,29]. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is liver cancer.