TNF and ischemia: Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are released by injured hepatic tissue during ischemia, act on Toll-like receptors present on cells of the immune system, mainly in the Kupffer cells, thereby releasing even further ROS as well as several pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interferon-gamma (INF-γ), among others [71,72].