While the anti-inflammatory effects of IRT have been fairly well described, there still exists conflicting data against this effect, as one particular study studying immediate IVIG infusion in CVID patients reported higher expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-2 and TNF-α but not IFN-γ in CD4 and CD8 T-cells, suggesting that there may be a more nuanced mechanism at play [27]. Here, TNF is linked to common variable immunodeficiency.