TNF and systemic inflammatory response syndrome: Clinically, SIRS is characterized by local and systemic release of proinflammatory cytokines produced by DAMP-activated innate immune cells including IL-1β, TNF, and IL-6, arachidonic acid metabolites, proteins of the contact phase and coagulation systems, and complement factors as well as hormonal mediators [3, 34, 73, 74].