TNF and Alzheimer disease: Pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF and IL-6 contribute to inflammatory responses due to AD (Chang et al., 2013; Kim et al., 2013) and the responses of Th-related cytokines are important in the pathogenesis of AD (Grewe et al., 1998; Takaoka et al., 2006; Peng and Novak, 2015).