Previous studies have demonstrated increased levels of anti-HDL in APS patients when compared to HDs and SLE patients without APS (6, 7, 21) In addition, increased levels of anti-HDL were found to be inversely correlated with the levels of paraoxonase-1 (PON1), accounting for the antioxidant effect of HDL (22). The gene discussed is PON1; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.