Among these, only G-CSF in vitro decreased CXCL12 expression in bone marrow stromal cells, while anti-G-CSF antibody treatment increased CXCL12 expression and CML-LSC numbers in bone marrow, and reciprocally decreased CML LSC numbers in the spleen (68). This evidence concerns the gene CSF3 and chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive.