Also, ceramide-enriched lipid rafts acting as binding platforms, as well as sphingolipid signaling, such as through the activation of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) (Simonis and Schubert-Unkmeir, 2018), often mediate the entry of bacterial pathogens into host cells, which is a step important for infection and establishment of bacteria in an intracellular niche (Figure 2). Here, SMPD1 is linked to infection.