VCAM1 and ovarian cancer: Evaluation of several prediagnostic multimarker panels along with PLCO screening trial has identified promising biomarkers which are able to distinguish ovarian cancer cases from normal control groups; for instance, a four biomarker panel consisting of CA-125, HE4, CEA, and VCAM-1 effectively discriminated early stage OC from healthy controls with sensitivity of 86% at 98% specificity (Lin et al., 2009).