ASPN and breast carcinoma: All these studies suggest that asporin plays vital roles in the pathogenesis of different types of cancer, and a considerable amount of research has indicated that asporin acts as an oncogene in pancreatic (44), colorectal (45, 46), gastric (47, 48), and prostate cancer (49), as well as some types of breast cancer (50–52), but as a tumor suppressor gene in triple-negative breast cancer (52) via different signaling pathways.