TGFB1 and head and neck cancer: Third, as TGF-β, EGFR, and CD44 pathways play vital roles in other types of cancer, including head and neck cancer, gall bladder cancer, glioblastoma, lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, and so on, whether asporin is an oncogenic driver or tumor suppressor in these cancers still need to be investigated in the future.