INS and prostate cancer: These mechanisms included but were not limited to the prostate cancer pathway and related signaling pathways (El Sheikh et al., 2003; Shukla et al., 2007; Rodríguez-Berriguete et al., 2012), cancer immunity (Knutson and Disis, 2005; Zhao et al., 2014), Hippo signaling (Zhang et al., 2015), cell cycle (Balk and Knudsen, 2008), autophagy (Farrow et al., 2014), and insulin signaling (Cox et al., 2009; Bertuzzi et al., 2016).