TMBIM4 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and dHMN-causing mutations in S1R are recessive (Luty et al., 2010; Al-Saif et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2014; Li et al., 2015; Ullah et al., 2015; Gregianin et al., 2016; Horga et al., 2016; Watanabe et al., 2016), and we were surprised to see mushroom spine loss from overexpression of hS1R-Δ31–50 or hS1R-E102Q in hippocampal cultures that still had endogenous S1R.