CX3CR1 and inflammatory response: In the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model, CX3CR1+ microglia-specific AHR deletion upregulated the pro-inflammatory astrocytes [23], and GFAP+ astrocyte-specific AHR deletion also increased inflammatory cytokines expression [37, 38], suggesting that both astrocytic and microglia AHR may limit chronic autoimmune inflammation.