PMEPA1 and cancer: Four alternatively spliced isoforms exist for the PMEPA1 gene (isoforms PMEPA1a-d), and the membrane-bound proteins (isoforms PMEPA1a, b, d) have been shown to exhibit oncogenic functions in prostate cancer cells and solid tumors, while cytosolic protein (isoform c) has no effect on cancer progression [27, 29].